Come riconoscere un gelso

Il gelso bianco è un albero ad accrescimento piuttosto rapido, alto fino a 15-20 m, con tronco irregolarmente ramificato, con una chioma densa, ampia e arrotondata verso la sommità; ha radici profonde ed espanse, poco adatte a terreni secchi e aridi.

come riconoscere un gelso

La corteccia è giallo-grigiastra con toni più o meno aranciati e cosparsa di numerose lenticelle giallino-biancastre nella pianta giovane, in seguito diviene marrone-brunastro scura, profondamente solcata e screpolata in fasci fibrosi più o meno verticali formanti piccole scaglie allungate.

Le foglie sono caduche, alterne, hanno un picciolo scanalato e ornato da piccole stipole laterali caduche. Hanno un elevato polimorfismo: generalmente hanno forma ovato-acuta asimmetrica alla base, ma non di rado sono cuoriformi e in forme intermedie tra le due appena citate; la lunghezza varia dai 7 ai 14 cm e la larghezza è compresa tra i 4 e i 6 cm; i margini sono dentato-seghettati (dentatura triangolare), l’apice acuto e la base leggermente cordata, entrambe le pagine (superiore ed inferiore) si presentano senza peluria, di colore verde chiaro in primavera-estate e giallo carico in autunno.

I fiori maschili formano infiorescenze ad amento di forma cilindrica lunghe circa 2-3,5 cm, quelli femminili si presentano come amenti globosi lunghi 1-2 cm; entrambe le infiorescenze sono peduncolate e a prima vista assomigliano a piccoli lamponi verdi di diversa lunghezza. Solitamente i due fiori di diverso sesso sono portati da piante diverse.

I frutti, chiamati impropriamente more di gelso, sono infruttescenze composte formate dall’unione di un frutto vero e proprio, le nucule, e un falso frutto (il sorosio), che costituisce la polpa e somiglia ad un piccolo lampone o ad una mora di rovo, ma è più grosso ed allungato. I sorosi hanno forma ovato-arrotondata e lunghezza da 1 a 3 cm. Sono molto appetibili dagli uccelli, che cibandosi dei sorosi disperderanno i semi con le feci. I sorosi, di colore bianco-giallognolo o rosa-violetto, sono commestibili anche per l’uomo, la polpa è dolciastra con punte acidule già prima della maturazione, sebbene siano meno gustosi di quelli del gelso nero.

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Civico Museo della Seta Abegg

Garlate – Lecco

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